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Change history 30 July 2025 This paper was originally published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, CC-BY-NC-ND, The Author(s)

19 Gene expression differences involved in O-GlcNAcylation and hexosamine biosynthesis pathway have also been detected between diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, 20 probably because multiple molecules in insulin signaling pathways can be modified by glycosylation which in turn reduces phosphorylation, leading to inhibition of insulin signaling

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Another important miRNA regulating cell metabolism is miR-378/378*, embedded within gene encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta (PGC-1), a transcriptional regulator of oxidative energy metabolism

However, a nanotechnology approach involving a dyed hydrogel known as AquaDust can be used to monitor the local water potential () within the apoplastic spaces of leaves